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Психосоматические причины мигрени

Пятница, Февраль 18th, 2011

В отношении характерности провоцирующих психодинамических факторов  мигрени большое значение имеет природа агрессивных импульсов. Имеется три стадии полностью осуществленного агрессивного нападения. Первая – стадия представления, т.е. мысленная подготовка нападения, планирование и представление в фантазиях. Вторая – стадия вегетативной подготовки тела к сосредоточенной активности, т.е. изменение обмена веществ и распределения крови. Интенсивный приток крови поступает в  мышцы скелета, легкие и мозг, необходимые при сосредоточенном нападении. И третья – нервно-мышечная стадия, т.е. исполнение агрессивного акта посредством мышечной активности.

Возможно, суть соматических симптомов зависит от каким-то образом выделяющейся стадии или от стадии на которой тормозится весь психофизиологический процесс агрессии. При подавлении процесса на первой стадии возникает приступ мигрени. Если подавление происходит на второй стадии – возникает гипертония, при этом процесс не прогрессирует. А при подавлении на третьей стадии, возникают симптомы артрита. Эту гипотезу очень поддерживает наблюдение того, что мигренью страдают в первую очередь те люди, «которые думают», а не те, «которые делают», в то время, как артритом чаще страдают люди, склонные к мышечной активности.

При психосоматическом подходе, который используется в психотерапевтическом центре санаторного типа ApertaVia , пациенту предлагаются способы управления своими состояниями, что открывает возможности для полноценной жизни с минимумом ограничений. А в некоторых случаях и полное избавление от болезни.

Обучаться методам саморегуляции, релаксации, управления эмоциями и прорабатывать психологические особенности намного эффективнее в специально организованной среде, желательно с выездом из больших городов и с выходом из привычной суеты. В нашей программе по работе с мигренью предлагается выезд в санаторий и комплексный подход в работе с пациентом. Это означает, что психолог работает в тесном сотрудничестве с врачом, что позволяет достичь лучшего результата.

Профилактика мигрени.

Вторник, Январь 18th, 2011

Для лечения и профилактики мигрени успешно применяют нелекарственные методы борьбы с головной болью, к примеру, метод биологической обратной связи, позволяющий научить больного контролировать тонус сосудов. В терапии мигрени должны рационально сочетаться медикаментозные и не медикаментозные методы лечения. Последние включают диету, идентификацию и устранение триггеров, лечебную физкультуру, отдых, сон на свежем воздухе, биологическую обратную связь. Для профилактики приступов мигрени используются различные комбинации препаратов, применяемых в течение нескольких месяцев: амитриптилин , анаприлин, сибазон до 15-20 мг в день. В тяжелых случаях может оказаться полезным длительный прием ацетилсалициловой кислоты или курантила как ингибиторов простагландинов. При возникшем приступе назначают внутрь или парентерально вазоконстрикторные средства (эрготамин, кофеин или их комбинированный препарат кофетамин), анальгетики, транквилизаторы (при необходимости – седуксен в/м), антигистамины (пипольфен в/м); при очень тяжелых и затяжных приступах назначается -дексаметазон по 8 мг в/в.

О мигрени

Пятница, Декабрь 17th, 2010

Мигрень-распространенное заболевание, характеризующееся повторяющимися головными болями приступообразного характера, сопровождающиеся изменениями мозгового кровотока. Мигрень может сопровождаться нарушениями поля зрения,тошнотой, рвотой, светобоязнью. В периоды между приступами больной чувствует себя совершенно здоровым.

Беременность и мигрень.

Среда, Ноябрь 10th, 2010

Большинство женщин, страдающих мигренью, избавляются от них именно на время беременности. Почему беременность для большинства женщин является защитой от мигрени? Дело в том, что во время беременности уровень эстрогенов и прогестерона практически остаётся постоянным, а если и изменяется, то не резко. Тогда как в течение обычного менструального цикла уровень этих гормонов постоянно резко изменяется в зависимости от его фазы. Это «гормональное затишье» начинает устанавливаться с восьмого или десятого дня после оплодотворения, и к концу третьего месяца беременности практически все женщины забывают о своих головных болях вплоть до времени рождения ребёнка.

В многих исследованиях было выявлено, что у восьмидесяти процентов женщин, страдающих мигренью, с наступлением беременности отмечалось явное облегчение в течении заболевания. Например, в Австралии, было обследовано двести беременных женщин, тридцать одна из которых страдала хронической мигренью (15,5%). Из них у семи женщин во время беременности приступов мигрени не было совсем (22,6%), семнадцать женщин отметили, что во время беременностприступы мигрени были реже и протекали легче, чем до неё. Таким образом, двадцать четыре женщины из тридцати одной во время беременности почувствовали себя лучше (77,4%). Оставшиеся семь женщин из числа ранее страдавших мигренью во время беременности не почувствовали никакого облегчения в течение их заболевания (22,6%). Более того, их приступы в это время стали чаще и тяжелей. Надо отметить, что среди обследованных двухсот женщин оказались ещё семь, не страдавших ранее мигренью, у которых во время беременности впервые в жизни развился приступ мигрени (3,5%). У пяти женщин мигрень началась в первые три месяца беременности, у двух других в более поздние сроки.

Почему беременность облегчает течение мигрени не у всех женщин? Нет абсолютной уверенности, но исследователи полагают, что это зависит от индивидуальной чувствительности эстрогеновых рецепторов у различных женщин. Локализуясь в гипоталамусе, именно они отвечают за то, как организм женщины будет реагировать на колебание уровня половых гормонов. Большинство женщин избавляется от головных болей на время беременности благодаря стабилизации уровня эстрогенов (хотя он, всё-таки, незначительно варьирует в разные периоды беременности). Но для некоторых женщин, эстрогеновые рецепторы которых более чувствительны, чем у других, этих незначительных колебаний достаточно для возникновения мигрени.

Девятнадцать процентов женщин детородного возраста страдают мигренью, это касается и миллионов женщин, которые впервые испытали приступ мигрени во время беременности. Большей частью это случается в первые три месяца беременности, когда многие женщины ещё не знают о том, что ждут ребёнка. Из-за диагностических трудностей в определении этого заболевания, они подвергаются различным сложным обследованиям, многие из которых могут быть небезразличными для жизни и здоровья плода. Именно в первые три месяца жизни плод наиболее чувствителен к различным вредным воздействиям.

В первые три месяца беременности следует избегать приёма каких-либо лекарственных средств. После окончания первого триместра беременности следует относительно выбора препарата для предотвращения приступов мигрени посоветоваться с врачом акушером-гинекологом. Не принимайте никаких лекарств, предварительно не обсудив это с ним.

Симптомы мигрени.

Вторник, Ноябрь 9th, 2010

Предвестники мигрени обычно начинаются за полчаса до начала приступа головной боли. Они представлена различными зрительными нарушениями, такими как тёмные пятна или яркие зигзагообразные линии в поле зрения, искаженное восприятие окружающих предметов. У некоторых женщин наступает полная или частичная слепота. Вот почему окружающим иногда случается увидеть, как люди страдающие мигренью, перед началом приступа усиленно протирают очки.

Предвестники бывают и более сложными. Некоторые люди видят сверкающие звезды, яркие как солнце, в то время как другим представляются тёмные причудливые галлюцинации. В литературе описывались случаи, когда люди видели сияние над человеческими телами и верили, что это божественное видение.

У некоторых женщин, предвестники представлены ощущением запаха. До начала головной боли они чувствуют ужасный, отвратительный запах, который, как им казалось, исходил от их собственного тела. В действительности никакого запаха не существует. Такое извращённое восприятие вызвано приступом мигрени. Но женщины не знают этого и не сомневаются в реальном существовании запаха. И так как они не знают, когда может начаться следующий приступ мигрени и, следовательно, «появиться запах, они часто перестают появляться на людях, из страха опозорить себя и своих близких.

Ещё женщины могут страдать от различных неврологических симптомов, таких как покалывание и онемение рук и ног.

В случаях мигрени без предвестников, пациенты могут испытывать различные смутные симптомы, предвещающие головную боль. Например, внезапную слабость или прилив энергии, повышенный или, наоборот, плохой аппетит, могут отмечать необъяснимые перепады настроения или изменения умственной активности перед приступом головной боли.

Сама головная боль характеризуется задержкой жидкости, тошнотой, рвотой, потерей аппетита, светобоязнь, сильной слабостью. Боль при мигрени может быть различной интенсивности, но она всегда носит пульсирующий характер, что отличает её от других более постоянных типов головной боли. Физическая нагрузка усиливает боли сосудистой природы. Кроме того, локализация головной боли также очень важна для мигрени. Сосудистые головные боли при мигрени обычно односторонние. При мигрени боль может переходить с одной стороны головы на другую либо во время следующего приступа, либо в течение одного и того же приступа. Но обе половины головы никогда болят одновременно. Приступы мигрени повторяются с самыми разными интервалами, и между приступами человек чувствует себя совершенно здоровым.

Лечение мигрени.

Среда, Ноябрь 3rd, 2010

Исследователи мигрени открывают всё новые и новые препараты, использующиеся для превентивного и абортивного лечения. Выбор лечения зависит от симптомов. Среди общих подходов к лечению самым важным является идентификация факторов мигрени и предотвращение контактов с ними.

Общие подходы включают соблюдение диеты, режима труда и отдыха, выбор правильной тактики поведения. Люди не могут избежать стресса, но если пациент научиться использовать методы релаксации, он сможет предотвратить появление головных болей, обусловленных стрессом. К общим подходам к лечению головных болей относится и применение методов прогрессивной релаксации и дыхательной гимнастики. Такие нелекарственные методы лечения являются составной частью общего подхода к лечению мигрени.

Причины возникновения мигрени.

Среда, Ноябрь 3rd, 2010

Если головные боли периодически повторяются, а между приступами человек чувствует себя совершенно здоровым, то, скорее всего, в основе их лежит сосудистая патология.

Особенностью этого заболевания является то, что близкие родственники также страдают мигренью.

Если Вы не уверены, что действительно ли больны мигренью, поговорите с членами своей семьи. Узнайте, не страдали ли подобными головными болями бабушка или тетя. Наличие подобного заболевания в семье очень важно для точного подтверждения диагноза.

Научными исследованиями установлено, что наследственная предрасположенность имеет большое значение для возникновения мигрени, к примеру, у ста обследованных:

- 69,2% пациентов и мать, и отец страдали мигренью;

- 44,2 % пациентов мигренью страдал один из родителей;

- у родителей 28,6 % пациентов не было мигрени, но мигренью страдали другие их близкие родственники, такие как бабушка, тетя или двоюродная сестра.

Мигрень обычно начинается в юности или в период полового созревания, хотя в последние годы стали регистрироваться частые случаи мигрени в раннем детстве.

Итак, существует мнение, что мигрень – это наследственное заболевание, которое передаётся посредством генов. Считается, что ген, кодирующий склонность к заболеванию, переходит в семье из поколения в поколение. Учёные полагают, что у людей, имеющих «ген мигрени», заболевание проявляется в том случае, если на них начинает воздействовать какой-нибудь из гормонов организма человека мигрени. Это может быть колебание уровня половых гормонов во время менструального цикла, менопауза, оральные контрацептивы, беременность или определённые виды пищевых продуктов. Более того, есть мнение, что в генетическом коде зашифрован и возраст, когда у человека может начаться мигрень. У некоторых людей начало мигрени приходится на детские годы, у других на период полового созревания, а иногда мигрень начинается после тридцати лет.

Наряду с другими теориями появления головных болей, существует теория, согласно которой головные боли являются сигналом о перегрузке – организм как бы советует нам сбавлять темп. Так, насморк заставляет сидеть нас дома в тепле, а не прогуливаться в мороз под снегом.

Учёные считают, что причиной боли при мигрени является сочетание воспаления стенок кровеносных сосудов и перерастяжения их вследствие давления на них крови изнутри.

Средства, облегчающие боль.

Среда, Ноябрь 3rd, 2010

К несчастью, многие пациенты не получают полного обле­чения при использовании абортивных методов лечения, их приходится дополнять анальгетиками. Широко используются такие анальгетики, как аспирин, ацетоминофен, ибупрофен, напроксен. Всегда существует опасность чрезмерного использования анальгетиков, содержащих кофеин. Резкая отмена кофеин-содержащих анальгетиков может привести к возникновению кофеин-зависимых головных болей. Также для обезболивания используют наркотические анальгетики, которые должны применяться только по назначению врача. Частое использование этих препаратов может привести к возникновению наркотической зависимости.

Для предотвращения тошноты и рвоты, которые часто сопровождают приступы мигрени, рименяют противорвотные средства. Эти препараты так же обладают обезболивающим действием, к ним относятся фенотиазины. Некоторые из этих препаратов используют, благодаря наличию у них седативного эффекта. К фенотиазинам относятся прометазин (Phenergan), хлорпромазин (Thorazine) и прохлорперазин (Compazine). Пациенты, которые не нуждаются в седативном эффекте, используют другие противорвотные препараты, например, триметобензамид (Tigan) и метоклопрамид (Reglan).

Превентивное лечение.

Среда, Ноябрь 3rd, 2010

Превентивное лечение применяется в том случае, если приступы мигрени у пациента повторяются более двух раз в месяц, или головные боли настолько интенсивны, что не дают возможности пациенту вести нормальный образ жизни.

Бета-адреноблокаторы. То, что бета-адреноблокаторы способны предотвращать приступы мигрени, было обнаружено случайно. Изначально эти препараты были предназначены для лечения гипертонической болезни и сердечных аритмий. Пациенты, использовавшие пропранолол (Inderal) для снижения артериального давления, заметили, что пока они принимают этот препарат, у них не возникает приступов мигрени.

Блокаторы кальциевых каналов. Они применяются для лечения больных перенесших инфаркт и другие заболевания сердца. Эти препараты блокируют высвобождение серотонина и регулируют кальциевый обмен, тем самым, контролируя процессы сужения и дилятации кровеносных сосудов. Его действие стабилизирует кровеносные сосуды и предотвращает появление мигрени. Эти препараты эффективны для лечения, потому что это заболевание носит сосудистую природу. Для терапии мигрени эффективны такие блокаторы кальциевых каналов как нимодипин (Nimotop) и верапамил (Calan, Isoptin,Verelan). И хотя эти препараты все ещё официально не одобрены для использования в лечении мигрени, исследованиями подтверждена их эффективность при данном заболевании. Верапамил, в частности, проявляет стойкий эффект в отношении уменьшения частоты, интенсивности и продолжительности приступов мигрени. Самым частым побочным эффектом верапамила является запор. При использовании других блокаторов кальциевых каналов, таких как дилтиазем (Cardizem) и нифедипин (Procardia) не было отмечено сколько-нибудь достоверных результатов.

Антидепрессанты. В предотвращении мигреней также играют роль и антидепрессанты благодаря их действию на серотониновые рецепторы. С этой целью, антидепрессанты используются уже более тридцати лет.

Аспирин был первым антиагрегантом. Хотя аспирин долгие годы использовался как обезболивающий препарат, только сейчас его стали использовать с профилактической целью. Были проведены исследования, в которых обобщались результаты более двадцати тысяч врачей, использовавших для лечения аспирин. Было отмечено, что ежедневное использование аспирина значительно уменьшает головные боли у людей, страдающих мигренью, и позволяет снизить дозы других антимигренозных препаратов. Последние исследования подтвердили, что ежедневное применение аспирина особенно эффективно у женщин, страдающих мигренью

Полезные статьи.

Среда, Ноябрь 3rd, 2010

Влияние характера

депрессия избавиться

Многократно было замечено, что люди, страдающие мигренью, часто отличаются определёнными чертами характера. Их можно описать следующим образом. Эти люди безупречны, собраны, аккуратны, осторожны, честолюбивы, умеют сдерживать свои эмоции. Они всегда следуют правилам хорошего тона, невозможно представить их агрессивными или несдержанными. Более того, это весьма сообразительные люди, им свойственно высказывать своё мнение быстро и по существу, они стремятся к превосходству и надеются только на себя. Есть ли прямая связь между чертами характера и мигренью? На этот вопрос нельзя дать однозначный ответ. Большинство врачей в медицинской литературе именно так описывают черты характера больного мигренью. Нельзя сказать, что миллионы людей, страдающих мигренью, имеют одинаковые черты характера. Неверным будет и противоположное утверждение о том, что все, у кого такой характер, больны мигренью. Конечно, бывают и исключения, но они, как известно, только подтверждают правила. Истина состоит в том, что, если человек страдает головными болями и обладает при этом всеми вышеперечисленными чертами характера, это помогает врачу более точно повить правильный диагноз, наводя его на мысль о мигрени.

Широко известно, что в результате некоторых видов «острого» стресса, например, сильного испуга или внезапного волнения в организме происходит выброс адреналина, который может вызвать приступ мигрени. Но и постепенно развивающийся стресс или длительное психоэмоциональное напряжение могут привести к появлению мигрени. Примерами такого стресс могут служить пожар, переход на новую работу, переезд в другой город, подготовка к большой вечеринке или даже сильное чувство голода и усталость.

Мигрень у детей.

Среда, Ноябрь 3rd, 2010

При приступах мигрени они наравне со взрослыми, страдают от головной боли, тошноты, рвоты, непереносимости света и шума. В патогенезе головных болей ведущую роль играют гормоны, хотя чисто физические факторы, такие как лихорадка, переутомление глаз, инфекции, корь и свинка тоже могут вызвать головную боль. Гормональная основа головных болей у детей, так же, как и у взрослых, включает в себя гормоны – серотонин, адреналин и норадреналин. Но проявления их действия у детей могут значительно отличаться от такового у взрослых пациентов. Приведём пример.

Согласно статистике, у трёх процентов детей головные боли начинаются до семи лет, у пяти процентов между семью и двенадцатью годами. Что самое страшное, всего головными болями страдает от десяти до двадцати процентов всех подростков. К счастью, у детей, страдающих мигренью, есть шанс её «перерасти». Примерно у половины детей, страдающих мигренью, в подростковом возрасте заболевание в какой-то момент внезапно обрывается. Ещё у одной четверти детей мигрень прекращается в юности.

Но, несмотря на это, детская мигрень не менее тяжела, чем взрослая и может никогда не прекратиться. Детские головные боли говорят родителям о том, что у их ребёнка что-то не в порядке со здоровьем, питанием или образом жизни. Родители должны чаще задумываться о том, чем они могут помочь своему ребёнку.

Головные боли могут сигнализировать о том, что ребёнок нездоров или у него проблемы в школе, а, может быть, ему трудно перенести развод родителей, смерть близкого человека, непонимание друзей и т.п. Что бы ни лежало в основе головных болей, они могут привести к серьёзным нарушениям поведения ребёнка, к таким как тревожность, агрессивность, депрессия, аутизм, потеря сна и аппетита. Однако даже при таких серьёзных физических и эмоциональных нарушениях, большинство детей так никогда и не попадают на приём к врачу, потому что их родители не в состоянии оценить надвигающуюся опасность.

Мигрень у молодых людей обычно протекает по классическому варианту, при котором односторонняя головная боль сочетается с предвестниками. Но детская мигрень может быть представлена и двусторонними головными болями. Дети обычно страдают от более частых, но менее продолжительных, чем у взрослых, головных болей.

Детская мигрень не всегда переходит во взрослую, но у всех, страдающих мигренью, в любом возрасте, существует наследственная предрасположенность к этому заболеванию.

У детей, страдающих мигренью, часто, так же как и у взрослых, проявляются специфические личностные черты, такие как тревога, страх, напряжение. Они чувствительны к таким факторам как нарушение режима питания, голод, переутомление, изменение привычек, эти факторы так же, как у взрослых, могут провоцировать появление приступа мигрени. Стрессы и перенапряжение наиболее часто вызывают мигрень у детей. До периода полового созревания мигрень с одинаковой частотой встречается у мальчиков и девочек.

В детстве мигрень и фаза предвестников могут проявляться выраженными неврологическими нарушениями, включающими апатию, вялость, светобоязнь, расширение зрачков, галлюцинации, нарушение речи.

Одна из форм детской мигрени называется мигренью базилярной артерии. Симптомами этого заболевания являются слабость и онемение обоих сторон тела, нарушения зрения, временная потеря чувства равновесия, головокружение во время предвестников. При этом виде мигрени отмечается сужение кровеносных сосудов, питающих головной мозг. В этом случае, страдает задняя часть головного мозга, где находятся структуры, отвечающие за чувство равновесия.

Интересно то, что у детей во время второй фазы мигрени «головной боли» не обязательно болит именно голова. Вместо этого, дети могут страдать сильной болью в животе. Врачи называют этот феномен «абдоминальной мигренью» или «эквивалентом мигрени». Приступы абдоминальной мигрени могут сопровождаться постоянно рецидивирующей интенсивной тошнотой и рвотой в течение нескольких дней. Обычно, в более старшем возрасте, абдоминальная мигрень переходит в более типичные формы мигрени. Существует предположение, что желчные и почечные колики у детей тоже являются эквивалентами мигрени.

Другими эквивалентами мигрени, встречающимися чаще, чем боль в животе, являются внезапные перепады настроения, головокружение, потеря зрения, необъяснимая слабость, «волчий» голод, тошнота, потеря аппетита.

Такая широта спектра этих симптомов отчасти может объясняться двойственным действием серотонина: он выполняет в организме две различные функции – нейротрансмиттера и гормона. Благодаря этой двойной роли он влияет на многие функции организма. Когда серотонин запускает биохимические реакции в организме, результатом которых становится появление головной боли, его действие может задеть и многие другие функции организма. Так, считается, что в спектр действия серотонина входит регуляция таких состояний, как голод и сон, что может выражаться возникновением нервной анорексии (отказом от еды).

Эквивалентом мигрени у детей могут быть периодические поносы и подъём температуры, которые повторяются два или три раза в месяц. Подобные приступы должны служить сигналом тревоги для родителей. В таком случае, необходимо обратиться к врачу, чтобы он поставил диагноз мигрени и назначил соответствующее лечение.

Если родители знают, что ребёнок болен мигренью, будьте внимательны к изменениям его настроения. Если сын или дочь вдруг стали раздражительными, драчливыми или апатичными, это может быть проявлением гормональных изменений, предшествующих предвестникам мигрени или заменяющих её. Так как известно, что больше половины головных болей у детей развиваются после таких симптомов.

На то, что у ребёнка начинаются предвестники мигрени, могут указывать нарушения его речи или потеря равновесия. Также ребёнок может странно вести себя или с трудом фокусировать взгляд. Если родители заметили у сына или дочери подобные симптомы-предвестники, то нужно положить ребенка в тёмной тихой комнате на кровать, попытаться успокоить его и уговорить поспать. Но если подобные симптомы у ребёнка впервые или они гораздо сильнее, чем обычно, то следует немедленно вызвать врача.

Родителям следует внимательно наблюдать за поведением своих детей, чтобы заметить первые симптомы, говорящие о приближении мигрени. Эта ответственность лежит на родителях, потому что дети часто или стесняются своего состояния, или не могут его правильно истолковать и ничего не рассказывают взрослым.

Влияние гормональных препаратов.

Среда, Ноябрь 3rd, 2010

Около двадцати пяти процентов женщин в менопаузальном периоде не предъявляют никаких жалоб на состояние своего здоровья. Пятьдесят процентов женщин испытывают незначительные нарушения в физической, эмоциональной и интеллектуальной сферах. Оставшиеся двадцать пять процентов жалуются на сердцебиение, приливы жара к верхней половине тела и лицу, головные боли, боли в суставах. Также менопаузу часто сопровождают депрессия, тревога, страх, агрессивность, невозможность сосредоточиться, бессонница, рассеянность, ухудшение памяти, эмоциональная лабильность. Учитывая тот факт, что эти симптомы могут мучить женщину в течение пяти лет, легко понять, почему они склонны к применению заместительного гормонального лечения.

Гормональные препараты, используемые для лечения менопаузальных расстройств или климактерического синдрома, могут содержать эстрогены и прогестерон или один только прогестерон. Эти препараты могут быть в форме таблеток, вагинального крема или свечей и даже пластыря, т.к. заместительная гормонотерапия имеет много достоинств, и многим женщинам она приносит значительное облегчение, они часто забывают, что у неё есть побочные эффекты. Одним из таких побочных эффектов является мучительная головная боль, которая может сопровождать приём гормональных препаратов у женщин, страдающих мигренью.

Мигрень во время менопаузы – это комплексная проблема. Бытует мнение, что с наступлением менопаузы мигрень должна исчезать. Но это происходит не всегда. Обычно интенсивность и частота приступов мигрени обратно пропорциональны возрасту женщины (чем женщина старше, тем мигрень протекает у неё легче). Но иногда наблюдается спонтанное ухудшение течения мигрени с наступлением менопаузы. Это обусловлено тем, что у некоторых женщин любые изменения концентрации эстрогенов, в том числе, и резкое её падение в менопаузе, вызывают обострение мигрени. В этих случаях, введение небольшой дозы эстрогенов может быть полезным.

Женщины, применяющие гормоны, должны знать, что приём гормональных препаратов может усугубить течение мигрени или способствовать её возобновлению. Исследования показали, что если приём гормональных препаратов усиливает головные боли, отказ от них может не принести немедленного облегчения. Этот процесс может растянуться на несколько месяцев.

В исследовании, проведённом недавно в швейцарской университетской клинике глазных болезней в Базеле, были обследованы две группы пациенток. В первую входили женщины, которые раньше страдали мигренью, и после начала использования ими эстрогеновых пластырей в менопаузе, приступы мигрени у них участились и стали более тяжёлыми. Вторая группа состояла из женщин, у которых никогда раньше не было мигрени, но с началом применения эстрогеновых пластырей они начали испытывать состояние, сходное с предшественниками мигрени. Это выражалось различными нарушениями зрения и другими расстройствами, которые в некоторых случаях сопровождались головной болью, а в некоторых – нет. Это исследование доказало, что приём гормонов может провоцировать не только развитие головных болей, но и зрительных факторов, у предрасположенных к мигрени женщин.

Женщинам, использующим гормоны, следует соблюдать некоторые правила для того, чтобы избежать развития у них мигрени. Во-первых, перед началом приёма гормональных препаратов они должны посоветоваться со своим врачом с целью определения дозы эстрогенов, которая избавила бы их от климактерических расстройств, но при этом не спровоцировала появление головных болей. Во-вторых, им следует принимать дополнительные дозы эстрогенов в постоянном режиме, а не используя обычную схему прерывистого приёма по двадцать пять дней каждый месяц. По данным этого исследования, 58% женщин почувствовали значительное облегчение после того, как перешли на постоянный приём более низких доз эстрогенов.

Абортивное лечение.

Среда, Ноябрь 3rd, 2010

Абортивное лечение применяется насколько возможно раньше при остром приступе головной боли. Многие годы тартрат эрготамина был препаратом выбора для лечения мигрени.
Изометоптен. Этот препарат, иначе называющийся Midrin, следует принимать людям, которые не переносят эрготамин или не хотят использовать такие сильные средства. Этот препарат хорошо помогает пациентам, головные боли которых легко поддаются действию обезболивающих препаратов.
Суматриптан (Imitrex). Суматриптан вводится подкожно и в большинстве случаев прерывает острый приступ мигрени. Обычно пациенты начинают чувствовать облегчение через двадцать минут после введения суматриптана, полностью головная боль исчезает через один или два часа.
Нестероидные противовоспалительные препараты (НСПВП). Сегодня они являются методом выбора для профилактики менструальных головных болей. Эти препараты представляют собой группу анальгетиков, родственных аспирину. Аспирин был первым из нестероидных противовоспалительных препаратов, известных как НСПВП. НСПВП, включая аспирин, прерывают цепь химических реакций, в результате которых образуются простагландины, отвечающие за болевую чувствительность и воспалительные реакции в организме. Хотя аспирин очень эффективен для лечения многих типов головной боли, он только в редких случаях может прекратить приступ мигрени.
При менструальных мигренях используются следующие НСПВП: напроксен натрия (Апаргох), фенопрофен кальция (Nalfon), напроксен (Naprosyn), кетопрофен (Orudis) и набуметон (Relafen). Эти препараты следует начинать принимать за два-три дня до менструации и продолжать приём вплоть до окончания кровотечения.
Так же как их терапевтические эффекты, их побочные эффекты подобны действию НСПВП. Эти препараты предотвращают головную боль благодаря снижению уровня простагландинов в мозговых артериях. К их побочным эффектам относится раздражение слизистой оболочки желудочно-кишечного тракта и повреждение клеток печени. При использовании НСПВП у лиц с повышенной чувствительностью к ним может развиться приступ бронхиальной астмы, могут появиться кожные высыпания и даже головные боли.

WHERE TO GET HELP: ACCESS TO HOSPITALS

Понедельник, Сентябрь 20th, 2010
Most geriatricians and psychogeriatricians keep a few beds available for respite and holiday admissions. A respite admission is one where it is the carer who mainly benefits from the break of looking after a very disabled elderly person. Such beds should not be seen as crisis beds, for in those circumstances there is usually a medical problem underlying the crisis and the person is better in an acute bed. The respite beds are for the very medically stable clients, often admitted on a regular basis or rota system. Holiday beds fulfill the same function allowing carers a definite break once or twice a year. Again these beds are very scarce and get booked up very quickly. Access is usually via the GP, and hence the GP must be approached early so that the communication with the geriatrician can take place.
Apart from inpatient beds, the units specializing in the elderly will offer other services. These may range from the conventional outpatient clinic to more specialist clinics such as those dealing with incontinence and confusion (memory clinics). Some of these clinics offer open access and accept direct referrals from members of the public. Most however require a letter from a GP. This illustrates how important it is that the GP is aware of all the services available in his/her district.
Most units caring for the elderly will have access to a Day Hospital. These can have a medical or psychiatric bias but essentially they are units that treat the elderly on a day-patient basis with the emphasis on treatment and rehabilitation. On average a person attends twice a week for about a month or two and is then discharged. The whole multidisciplinary team works there specializing in diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation. Because the person arrives in the morning (usually by ambulance) and stays for the day (including meals) there is a much longer period of time available for sorting out problems than is the case in outpatients and yet the person has the security of returning to their own home in the afternoon.
*51/128/5*

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RK’S ACCIDENTAL DISCOVERY

Понедельник, Сентябрь 20th, 2010
The modern techniques for radial keratotomy evolved about twelve years ago out of a Moscow schoolyard fight, when a punch shattered 16-year-old Boris Petrov’s spectacles. Proponents of RK, who call that punch «a blow heard round the ophthalmological world,» say it may have given 60 million nearsighted Americans and almost a billion Europeans, Africans, Asians, North Americans, South Americans, Australians, and New Zealanders the chance to throw away their eyeglasses and contact lenses forever.
How did this important medical breakthrough arise from a schoolyard scrap? «Young Petrov suffered from nearsightedness,» explained Svyatoslav N. Fyodorov, M.D., who was then professor of ophthalmology and director of the Moscow Scientific Research Laboratory of Experimental Eye Surgery but has since been elevated to medical director of the entire Microsurgical Eye Institute of Moscow. «When he was punched, glass fragments slashed his cornea. It was cut superficially – it would heal. But three days later, he told me, ‘Doctor, I have beautiful vision!’ The glass shards, it appeared, had ‘operated’ on his eye. I thought, well, if a   boy   can treat myopia with his fist, maybe we can treat it surgically. Thus, Dr. Fyodorov developed the RK procedure and eventually introduced it worldwide.
In 1972, using a computer and refined microsurgery, the Russian discovered that he could alter the optical power of a rabbit’s eyes with sixteen incisions radiating like the spokes of a wheel away from the cornea’s delicate central optical zone. By 1974, Dr. Fyodorov was ready for the first test on humans. So was 24-year-old Misha, a very nearsighted limousine driver at the clinic. Misha’s two operations were complete successes. With his colleagues at the Moscow laboratory, Dr. Fyodorov has since performed radial keratotomies on some 7,000 Russian patients with excellent and almost predictable results.
Prior to Fyodorov’s discovery, however, Professor T. Sato, M.D. of Tokyo, Japan, an ophthalmologist (now deceased), published two papers. One was printed in the 1952 Japanese medical journal Rinsho Ganka, under the title «Experimental Study of Anterior and Posterior Half-Corneal Incisions for Myopia.» Then again, following his performance of the operation on human patients Dr. Sato described and also illustrated a method of reshaping the corneal surface to effect flattening of the curvature. He wrote, «This new surgical approach to myopia (anterior and posterior half-corneal incisions) is a proven, safe method which definitely cures or adequately alleviates over 95 percent of all cases of myopia in Japan.»
Dr. Sato’s idea was to produce a weakening of the outside of the cornea so as to cause a steepening of the peripheral curve and a compensatory flattening of the central curvature. His method called for both external and internal partial thickness incisions with a standard six millimeter optic zone. Despite his glowing report, the procedure   fell into disrepute   because   results   were   poor.
Moreover, the technique was difficult to perform. Corneas became cloudy. This was not good for the patient’s vision. The method was abandoned.
Such an inauspicious beginning has generated considerable opposition from more conservative American ophthalmologists to the adoption of the highly advanced Fyodorov technique which is utilized today. Writing in Refractive Corneal Surgery: The Correction of Aphakia, Hyperopia, and Myopia, which comprises the Fall, 1983 edition of International Ophthalmology Clinics, Leo D. Bores, M.D. of Santa Fe, New Mexico, one of Dr. Fyodorov’s disciples, points out: «Our better understanding of the role of the endothelium in maintaining corneal clarity coupled with advances such as the operating microscope, ultrasonic pachymeter, and more precise methods of measuring corneal curvature has changed not only the performance of the procedure but also its potential.»
Dr. Bores’ chapter in this magazine/journal under the title, «Historical Review and Clinical Results of Radial Keratotomy,» goes on to say: «Fyodorov recognized the shortcomings of Sato’s technique and his imitators and made several important changes in the corneal refractive procedure. These changes were: (1) varying the size of the optical zone from 2.0 to 6.0 mm.; (2) making all incisions from the external surface of the cornea; (3) using a surgical microscope during the procedure; (4) basing incision depth on actual measurements of corneal thickness (using optical pachymetry) and checking the depth of the incisions with specially constructed gauges or dipsticks; and (5) using ultrasharp disposable razor fragments to make the incisions.» Thus, the modern techniques of refractive surgery for the cornea had been launched.
*51/127/5*

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NUTRITION FOR HEALTHY ARTERIES: PREVENTION IN A PILL-A WORD ABOUT ANTIOXIDANTS

Среда, Июнь 2nd, 2010
‘A’ vitamins consist of two main groupings, retinol which is fat soluble and therefore stored in the body, so some caution in dosage must be acknowledged (thought not as much as was originally thought), and beta carotene, research into which was mentioned previously (see page 101). This wonder vitamin does not hold the overdose dangers of retinol, as the body only converts it as needed and research has shown that it has considerable protective benefits to offer from all forms of degenerative disease. Make sure it is taken in its natural form – often produced from the algae Dunaliella.
‘B’ vitamins are a special case. They help with stress and three of them, in particular Bl, B3, and B6, have positive effects on the circulation. Since 1984, Dr Stephen Davies, a medical nutritional expert, has assessed the nutritional status of some thousands of his patients. His measurements have included vitamin levels, trace and toxic metal levels. More than seven out of every 10 people tested were borderline or severely deficient in B vitamins. Since toxicity is known to accumulate with age it affords an added reason for taking antioxidants to minimize this damage.
B6 is a mind diuretic and can be used to supplement (or hopefully replace after treatment with EDTA) the use of chemical diuretics. B3 lowers blood cholesterol levels and Bl helps mood, as well as facilitating the processing of alcohol in the liver.
Vitamin ‘C is possibly the most important antioxidant vitamin of all. Linus Pauling has been largely responsible for making the scientific world aware that vitamin C taken in sufficient quantities is a superb free-radical mopper. It fights infection and combats degeneration.
Recent research by the UCLA in California has demonstrated that men taking more than 400mg of vitamin C a day cut their risk of heart disease almost in half, compared to men taking only 100mg or less. This is of great interest in respect to contentions by health authorities that RDAs are sufficient to maintain health.
Comparative studies with animals who can make their own vitamin C (a facility man has lost) reveal that they make the equivalent of 1,000 to 20,000 mg per day for their uses. The average diet is lucky to contain 100-200 mg of this precious vitamin. (NB: drinkers of orange juice, who believe they are getting enough vitamin C, should know that research has shown that commercially grown oranges can, and often do, contain none of this vitamin by the time they are eaten.)
Suffice it to say that this vitamin should be taken on a regular daily basis in far greater quantities than is normally practised. Most people above middle age can safely and sensibly take 3-5g throughout the day – if the bowel becomes loose ease back the dosage until it has stabilized.
Vitamin E is so important in the protection of the cardiovascular system that blood tests usually list its value. This is no doubt a reflection of the fact that low serum E levels are strongly related to heart disease. Ideally the blood level should be over 19. Any lower and supplementation is vital. Most heart sufferers are advised to take therapeutic dosages of at least 400 iu a day, working up slowly to 600-800 iu. NB: vitamin E has an anti-coagulant effect so this must be taken into account if anticoagulants are being taken, otherwise blood-clotting time can be delayed beyond levels that are safe. However vitamin E is a much better anticoagulant to take than drugs. Vitamin E works in conjunction with vitamin C to provide protection against free radical activity.
‘Co-Q-10′ or Co-enzyme-Q-10, was isolated in the mid-1950s and since then has shot to nutritional ‘fame’ for its key role in the production of energy in the cells. Unfortunately, like so many vital body secretions and enzymes, production slows down in middle age and we suffer progressively from its deficit. Metabolic studies have demonstrated that CoQl0 plays a vital role in the utilization of oxygen by the cells and is, therefore, essential for the health of all human tissues and organs. But its effects have been seen to relate particularly to the heart. When 60mg a day of CoQ10 were given to 25 hypertensive patients for eight weeks, there was a significant decrease in blood pressure. Fifty-four per cent of the patients had a mean blood pressure fall greater than 10 per cent.
In Japan more than 14 million people take CoQ10, which is hardly surprising when it is noted that it also helps with diseases such as diabetes, angina pectoris, congestive heart failure and peridontal disease.
It is of grave import to note that some are known to inhibit the production and action of CoQ10 in the tissues. If this medication is taken it should at least be combated by taking additional CoQ10 as well.
*84\104\2*
Cardio & Blood/ Cholesterol

LIVING A DYNAMIC, ACTIVE LIFE AFTER HEART ATTACK: STRETCHING AND FLEXING FOR FITNESS

Среда, Июнь 2nd, 2010
Did you ever see a rigid, inflexible cat? Of course not. That’s because they do lots and lots of stretching, and so should you. This is one of the easiest and most pleasant of all aspects of your exercise program, yet the most likely to be ignored, especially by those just beginning to exercise regularly.
Stretching exercises can improve and maintain body flexibility, prevent injury sustained during exercise, and provide a great deal of relaxation and stress reduction. Many of the commonly performed stretches are variations on classic yoga postures which have been performed for centuries.
Here’s a simple rule never to be broken: never exercise without accompanying stretches. Don’t be tempted to say that you’re running late and that «just once» won’t hurt. It just might. And always stretch both before and after your exercise sessions.
*84\85\2*
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CHILD’S HEALTH/SPECIFIC PROBLEMS BEHAVIOURS: NAIL – BITING TREATMENT AND PREVENTION

Четверг, Май 21st, 2009

Treatment

There is no effective treatment for nail-biting in children. The use of gloves or mittens, threats or punishment, or bitter nail polishes or solutions to paint onto the fingers have not been shown to work, and may cause considerable embarrassment and distress to child and parents alike.

Some advocate the use of chewing gum, arguing that it is difficult to bite one’s nails when one has a mouthful of gum. However, leaving aside concerns about teeth, it is clearly not practical to have gum in the mouth for 24 hours every day. In older children, especially girls, teaching them to take pride in the appearance of their nails is often effective. This can be reinforced by the purchase of a nail file or manicure set.

Where children are visibly anxious or stressed, you should look for contributing factors, and try to deal with them. Sometimes relaxation techniques and similar strategies may be helpful, as may referral to a counsellor if you are deeply concerned about the possibility of underlying psychological problems, but this applies only to a small minority of these children. In older children who are embarrassed by the habit and are clearly motivated to give it up, behaviour modification techniques may be helpful. This should be organised with the help of a psychologist or other professional with experience in the area.

There is usually little reason to seek medical advice for nail-biting in children. If the nailbed or surrounding skin becomes infected, the doctor will treat it appropriately, although it may recur as long as the child continues to be a nail-biter. Sometimes the family doctor may uncover underlying stresses or emotional issues, especially in adolescents, that may contribute to the nail-biting. Issues of confidentiality then need to be taken into account, and this needs to be carefully negotiated between the doctor and family members.

Prevention

No strategies to prevent nail-biting are known. Theoretically, it might be considered that minimisation or reduction in stress levels may lessen the chances of nail-biting beginning or continuing, but this has not been demonstrated to be the case. It goes without saying that good and open communication with children is desirable and can serve to minimise stress.

*193\90\8*

MEDICAL TESTS AND PROCEDURES: COMPUTERISED TOMOGRAPHY (CT) SCAN

Вторник, Май 19th, 2009

This is a highly specialised form of imaging, using sophisticated computer techniques, to build up a detailed picture of the structures being examined. It is mainly used to examine the head and brain, spinal cord, chest and abdomen. ‘Slices’ or scans taken at many levels build up a complete image of various organs and internal structures when viewed together. Occasionally some dye is injected into the body through a vein on the back of the hand to highlight certain structures. The procedure itself is painless.

As with ordinary X-rays, CT scanning does expose your child to small amounts of radiation, but this is well within all safety limits.

The machinery itself can look quite frightening to children, as they have to lie still within a large cylindrical tube. It always helps if you stay close to your child during the procedure, and remain calm and reassuring. It may be necessary to give a younger child a light general anaesthetic to ensure that he lies perfectly still for the test.

*26\9\8*

POWER OVER PANIC/IN SEARCH OF SELF: PETER’S STORY

Понедельник, Май 18th, 2009

Peter was exhilarated. It was early morning and he had reached halfway in a 10 km bike ride along the coast road. He wished he had brought his camera. Peter had loved photography ever since he was a child. He had always wanted to be a photographer, and now he was one. He thought of his parents. They had both worked long and hard to pay for his university fees, and they were proud of him when he received his PhD and entered the world of academia. Panic disorder/ agoraphobia had changed all that. As Peter progressed towards recovery he realised that academic life was not for him. He struggled silently with the realisation for three years because he didn’t want to let his parents down. He even studied for another degree, hoping to combat his disquiet. It didn’t work, and he made the break to follow his dream of being a photographer. He knew he was taking a risk, but he also knew it was worth it. He was free.

*107\94\8*

HOW AND WHY DIAGNOSIS SHOULD BE SEPARATED FROM TREATMENT – DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT

Понедельник, Май 18th, 2009

If diagnosis and treatment are combined in the one operation, you cannot be in control of the treatment decision. You must agree to the surgeon carrying out whatever operation seems best once the diagnosis is made. You are put to sleep not knowing what operation will be done. Whether or not your surgeon attempts to discuss all the various possibilities with you beforehand, this is not a good option for you. It means you are likely to be unnecessarily disturbed and confused by having to consider a whole lot of different possibilities before your operation-Why do surgeons recommend the frozen section type of procedure then? They recommend it because it is easier for them and because they take it for granted that they should decide what operation is best. Do all you can to ensure that the diagnosis is made before you agree to a treatment-type operation.

*232/40/1*

HERNIA – OPERATON

Пятница, Май 15th, 2009

At operation, the protruding sac is cut off and the stump pushed back inside the abdominal cavity. This sac is formed from the peritoneum, which lines the inside of the abdomen.

The muscle layers of the abdominal wall are then repaired and tightened so as to prevent recurrence. The muscles are pulled tightly together with stitches. Sometimes a layer of stitches or wire is placed between the muscle layers so as to add strength.

The usual stay in hospital is about five days. Most workers are given six weeks off work to recover but the self-employed and those who can be found suitable alternative work involving minimal lifting of restricted weights can return to work within four weeks.

Unfortunately, despite the skill of the surgeon, the hernia may recur and require another operation. This second attempt is always more difficult than the first repair because of the scarring and the difficulty in separating the various muscle layers.

*420/71/1*

RH FACTOR IN BLOOD – MODERN TREATMENT

Пятница, Май 15th, 2009

If mother and foetus are ABO incompatible, her anti-A and or anti-B antibodies would rapidly destroy the foetus’ red cells before they could induce antibody formation.

An Rh negative woman can be sensitised and develop antibodies if she receives a blood transfusion of Rh positive blood.

In the past, Rhesus iso-immunisation was a great worry to every doctor who delivered babies. With modern treatment, it should no longer be seen. Unfortunately, that is not yet the case.

Where an Rh negative woman becomes pregnant to an Rh positive man, in most, but not all, cases the child will be Rhesus positive.

It is rare for the woman to be sensitised in her first pregnancy but one in 10 are sensitised by the second and the percentage becomes higher with each pregnancy. Previously, in six out of every 1000 deliveries, the child would be affected by Rhesus iso-immunisation.

Once the mother has formed these antibodies, they readily cross the placenta to enter the baby’s circulation and can destroy the baby’s red cells.

*166/71/1*

GENERAL HAIR CARE

Пятница, Май 8th, 2009

Hair conditioner is usually a cream to be used as a rinse after the hair has been washed, its basic ingredient being an antistatic compound that forms a residual film on the hair. Shampooing decreases the hair’s normal oily film, resulting in a dry and dull appearance. This may lead to static electricity, making the hair unmanageable; in this state the hair is more prone to tangling, and combing may result in breakages. Conditioners help to control these problems by making the hair more manageable, and leave it feeling soft and glossy. Egg or beer conditioners simply leave a layer of sugar or protein on the hair which may appear to provide more ‘body and manageability’. Protein conditioners, like other protein-containing products for the hair or akin, are not absorbed. They therefore do not change hair structure, affect hair growth, or in any way permanently after the hair. Although hair consists of a protein known as keratin, the hair above the skin is dead tissue that cannot be fed or revitalized. Furthermore the protein derivatives used are derived from animal tissue, not human hair, and are hence incompatible. Protein conditioners have the same effect as any other conditioner, namely to coat the hair shaft with a film that tends to temporarily make the hair appear thicker and improve its appearance and manageability. It does nothing to strengthen the hair or restore its structure, and its affect is only temporary.

*16\44\4*

THE G.I. FACTOR: SNACKS – KEEPING YOUR ENERGY LEVELS UP BETWEEN MEALS

Пятница, Май 8th, 2009

The fine art of grazing! Hands up all those who thought that sensible eating meant keeping to three meals a day? Traditionally, there has been a belief that sensible eating meant sticking to three square meals a day. Perhaps this stems from images of an erratic eater. You know the one, the person who skips breakfast making up for it with snacks during the day and then feasting before sleeping at night—certainly not the ideal pattern! New evidence suggests that the people who graze properly, eating small amounts of food throughout the day at frequent intervals, may actually be doing themselves a favour.

A recent study which compared people eating a diet of three meals a day with those who had three meals and three snacks showed that snacking stimulated the body to use up more energy for metabolism compared to concentrating the same amount of food into three meals. It’s as if the more fuel you give your body the more it will burn. Frequent small meals stimulate the metabolic rate.

The problem with grazing is that most snacks turn out to be high fat foods like cakes, chocolate, snack bars, crisps or pastries. Another criticism of grazing has been that for people who eat too much, increasing the number of times that they face food is tempting disaster. Overeating is less likely to occur if the foods eaten are carbohydrate rich and have a low G.I. factor. Using these foods, you will feel satisfied before you have overconsumed!

*148\33\4*

COPING WITH ENDOMETRIOSIS: SHIRLEY’S STORY

Пятница, Май 8th, 2009

‘The worst case of endometriosis I have ever seen’. These were the first words I remember hearing through the haze after an anaesthetic.

I tried repeating the word to myself — ENDOMETRIOSIS. I drifted back to sleep, happy that at last a name had been given to the cause of my debilitating period pain.

The doctor’s voice roused me once again: ‘You’ll probably never have children’.

I wondered who the doctor was talking to. I knew it was not me because I had not even tried to get pregnant.

The truth dawned the next day when once again the doctor described the severity of the endometriosis and repeated that pregnancy looked very doubtful.

He told me that I was to take 400 milligrams of Danazol a day for three months and then he would perform major surgery including the removal of my diseased ovary.

As the endometriosis was so extensive, he felt the Danazol would only marginally improve my condition and he could not guarantee the success of surgery.

I was devastated. One day I was in hospital with a suspected ovarian cyst. The next I was told I had a disease that I could not even pronounce, I had to take male hormones, I had little prospect of ever having a baby and I was to have major surgery in the near future.

I knew very little about Danazol as it was then a relatively new drug in Australia and I asked my doctor about any side effects. He tried to assure me that I need not worry about little details and that he would look after me. I did not feel at all reassured.

The week after being diagnosed as having endometriosis, my husband’s firm transferred him interstate. I was in turmoil, life was caving in around me.

Once settled in our new home, I decided to seek a second opinion. The news about the endometriosis had been so shattering I did not want to believe it. I wanted to hear something positive, something encouraging.

My new doctor had received a letter from my first doctor giving details of the disease. The new doctor asked me if I had any questions. Did I have any questions!

For the next half an hour he quietly explained in detail all I wanted to know, including drawing some diagrams so that I understood more clearly. He felt it was essential that I knew all the possible side effects of Danazol.

After I had exhausted my list of questions, he told me that he wanted to change the dosage of my treatment. I was to increase the dosage of Danazol to 600 milligrams daily and take it for six months. He hoped he would not have to perform major surgery. At the end of six months I had a laparoscopy to see how effective the Danazol had been. Much to my doctor’s surprise there was no visible endometriosis. There were certainly signs where the disease had been, but everything appeared normal.

My doctor suggested I continue taking Danazol for another three months just to make absolutely sure the endometriosis had been completely eradicated.

A few weeks after finishing the Danazol tablets I discovered to my delight that I was pregnant.

I often wonder how my story would have ended if I had not decided to have a second opinion. Would the smaller dosage of Danazol have cleared my endometriosis? Would the major surgery have eradicated the endometriosis? Would I have been left with painful adhesions? Would I have lost an ovary? Would I ever have become pregnant?

Of course, I do not know the answers to these questions but I am grateful I decided to seek a second opinion as the outcome was more than I ever hoped for.

*117\83\2*

HORMONAL TREATMENT OF ENDOMETRIOSIS: GNRH AGONISTS

Пятница, Май 8th, 2009

GnRH agonists, also known as LHRH agonists, are a group of drugs that have been developed over the last two decades. Since the mid 1980s they have been used in clinical trials in Australia and overseas for the treatment of endometriosis. They have also been used to treat a range of other conditions including anovulation (absence of ovulation) and fibroids.

The GnRH agonists are modified versions of a naturally occurring hormone, gonadotropin releasing hormone (usually abbreviated to GnRH), which helps to control the menstrual cycle.

Initially, it was drought that the GnRH agonists would not be suitable for the treatment of endometriosis as it was assumed that they would stimulate the production of oestrogen. However, it was discovered that prolonged use of the GnRH agonists actually suppressed the production of oestrogen and caused the oestrogen levels in most women to decrease to the levels found in women following the menopause. Consequently, researchers began to investigate their use for the treatment of endometriosis.

How GnRH agonists work

The GnRH agonists eradicate endometrial implants by suppressing ovulation and oestrogen secretion. The resulting low levels of oestrogen in the body mean that the endometrial implants are no longer stimulated to grow and breakdown each month so they gradually degenerate and waste away.

Most women stop ovulating and menstruating during treatment and resume ovulation and menstruation again within one to two months of completing their treatment.

Dosages of GnRH agonists generally used

Since 1971 more than 2,000 GnRH agonists have been developed by various pharmaceutical companies. Some of them are still being developed and tested while others have been released for use in some countries. At present none of them are available in Australia for the treatment of endometriosis, except under special circumstances.

Some of the more well known GnRH agonists are Buserelin (Superfact), Naferelin (Synarel), Leuprolide (Lupron), and Goserelin (Zoladex).

None of the current GnRH agonists are effective when taken by mouth because they are broken down in the digestive system. Other methods of administering the drugs have been developed, including nasal sprays, daily injections and monthly injections.

Side effects GnRH agonists

The side effects experienced by most women are usually a result of low oestrogen levels. The majority of women experience hot flushes and some also experience other menopausal-type symptoms, including vaginal dryness, decreased libido, headaches and depression. The side effects usually disappear soon after the cessation of treatment.

The GnRH agonists appear to have no adverse effects on the levels of fats and cholesterol in the blood.

One possible long-term side effect of GnRH agonist therapy is osteoporosis (loss of bone density). In trials conducted so far some women have shown a decrease in the density of the bones in their spines; it appears that this effect is reversed and the bone density usually returns to normal within six months of ceasing treatment.

At present it seems that this loss of bone density is not likely to be a significant long-term problem if the treatment lasts only six to nine months but considerable further research is needed before the complete picture is known.

How effective are the GnRH agonists

The results of the clinical trials indicate that the GnRH agonists are effective in eradicating endometriosis and relieving its symptoms but, like all the other hormonal drugs, they have no significant effect on adhesions or endometriomas and they are not a permanent cure. Overall, the GnRH agonists appear to be as effective as Danazol. When they have been approved for use in Australia they will probably assume an important place in the hormonal treatment of endometriosis.

*60\83\2*

THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS: UTERUS (WOMB)

Пятница, Май 8th, 2009

The female reproductive organs consist of the uterus, fallopian, tubes, ovaries, cervix, vagina, vulva, clitoris and labia.

Uterus (womb)-The uterus is a hollow muscular organ which is about the size and shape of a flattened pear. It lies between the bladder and the lower end of the bowel and is approximately 7.5 centimetres in length and weighs about 40 grams.

The upper part of the uterus can move forwards and backwards to some degree within the pelvis. Usually, it is tilted forwards so that it lies against the back of the bladder. In this position it is said to be anteverted. However, it may be tilted backwards and when it lies in this position it is said to be retroverted.

The uterus is made up of three layers. The outer layer is known as the peritoneum. The middle layer consists of a thick layer of muscle known as the myometrium. The inner layer which forms the lining is known as the endometrium. When this endometrium is found outside the uterus it is known as endometriosis.

The main function of the uterus is to protect and nourish the growing foetus during pregnancy.

*1\83\2*

SHIATSU

Среда, Апрель 29th, 2009

This ancient Japanese therapy uses pressure and vigorous massage to stimulate the flow of energy through the body. Like its Chinese equivalent, acupressure, Shiatsu requires no needles, relying instead on the thumbs, palms and heels of the hands, elbows, knees and feet to apply and sustain pressure on vital points all over the body.

It is particularly effective for pain relief and its advocates claim that by making the flow of energy through the meridians more efficient, Shiatsu is a highly effective preventive therapy which strengthens the nervous, circulatory and immune systems and invigorates the body.

In a variation sometimes known as barefoot Shiatsu, the therapist often uses the feet to apply pressure, sometimes standing on the patient. Even so, thumbs, elbows and hands are still employed.

The great advantage of Shiatsu over similar therapies such as acupuncture is that it can be practised in the home for the relief of simple ailments such as headache, insomnia, cold symptoms, constipation and nausea. Some formal instruction is recommended and professionally qualified practitioners should be used for diagnostic purposes and in cases of chronic or prolonged illness.

*47\69\2*

ST JOHN’S WORT IN EVERYDAY LIFE: ST JOHN’S WORT AND INSOMNIA

Среда, Апрель 29th, 2009

As I have noted, insomnia is one of the most commonly reported disturbances in behaviour. As the above table indicates, as many as one in three people reports that in the previous month there has been some problem related to sleep patterns. Many people have written to tell me that they have taken St John’s Wort to treat their insomnia and to good effect. For example, a 52-year-old woman began to take St John’s Wort ‘because I was not sleeping when it was possible to do so’. Since starting St John’s Wort T don’t stay awake if I wake up during the night unless there is an emergency. It also reinforces my positive outlook during the day’

Although there are no studies of the effects of St John’s Wort for insomnia, it is important to remember that sleep difficulties are a cardinal symptom of depression. These difficulties may take the form of having trouble falling asleep, tossing and turning or sleeping fitfully during the night, or waking up too early in the morning. So distressing are such symptoms that they may overwhelm the clinical picture and the depressed person may misdiagnose the condition as insomnia.

All types of anti-depressants may be helpful in reversing insomnia when it is part of the overall picture of depression. St John’s Wort is no exception in this regard. People with insomnia might benefit from reading over the symptoms of depression to determine whether they are suffering from other symptoms of depression as well. If they are, then the herbal remedy is more likely to help resolve their sleep difficulties.

A 56-year-old woman writes to tell me how her sleep difficulties, which were the most troublesome symptoms of her depression, were helped by St John’s Wort: ‘I can sleep again!‘ she exclaims. ‘Getting rest at night has helped everything else; gloom has lifted and I am in good spirits, energetic and positive. I feel a heavy weight off me. Immediately (the first night) I began to have dreams. I used to dream lots until about five to six years ago when the menopause kicked in. I did not dream as usual, if at all. I really hadn’t thought about it until I took St John’s Wort and began to dream again. Maybe the increased dreams are also related to my increased sense of well-being.’

If there are no other symptoms of depression, however, the insomnia may well be due to some other condition. It is worth paying a visit to your GP to have the problem checked out, as some causes of insomnia are potentially dangerous and eminently treatable. One such cause is sleep apnoea, a condition in which people stop breathing for brief spells frequently during the night, which wakes them up repeatedly. This leaves people drowsy and feeling ‘hung over’ during the day, and puts them at risk when driving or operating machinery. The resulting lack of oxygen to the tissues can also be medically harmful. Sleep apnoea is unlikely to respond to St John’s Wort, but can readily be treated by other means, such as a special machine that pumps air into the lungs when the person stops breathing.

Simple but important factors worth considering in identifying possible causes of insomnia include commonly used drugs, such as caffeine, nicotine and alcohol. Often cutting down the number of cups of coffee, tea or caffeinated sodas, particularly in the latter part of the day, can work wonders in bringing insomnia under control. Some people may not realize that nicotine is a stimulant and that smoking in the latter part of the night may be preventing them from falling asleep. Even though alcohol has immediate sedative properties, its effects wear off after a few hours. So too much alcohol at night may appear to promote sleep but may actually disrupt it when blood alcohol levels begin to fall. Removing these drugs from the latter part of the day or, at times, altogether, can be very helpful in promoting restful sleep. In addition, sleep experts emphasize the importance of what they call sleep hygiene – a quiet peaceful bedroom with dim lights and low noise levels. They recommend keeping arguments and conflicts out of the bedroom and engaging in peaceful rituals to wind oneself down before bedtime. If such simple remedies don’t help overcome sleep difficulties in the absence of depressive symptoms, it is worth seeking out the help of an appropriate doctor. If insomnia is part of a depression, however, it may resolve when treated with St John’s Wort or an anti-depressant.

*22\75\2*

CASE STUDY: ARTHRITIS WITH MYALGIA

Вторник, Апрель 28th, 2009

Patricia Engel was a skilled pianist and violinist, thirty years of age, who had been well until moving into an all gas-equipped house. At the same time she had changed most of her wardrobe from natural to synthetic fabrics. Within a four-to-five-month period she noticed that she needed rest periods during the day. She also suffered from increasing levels of morning fatigue. Soon this was followed by unexplained muscle soreness.

Miss Engel took a trip to Europe. After being exposed to excessive amounts of motor exhaust while traveling, however, she developed chills and arthritic pains of the neck and shoulders. Another similar episode occurred after she disembarked in New York City when she ran into heavy traffic fumes. But two weeks after returning to her apartment, with its gas-fired range and water heater, generalized joint and muscle aching and pain incapacitated her. The pain started in her shoulders and spine and then spread rapidly to her fingers, hips, knees, ankles, and other joints.

Conventionally minded doctors treated her with aspirin and another nonaspirin pain-killer. Soon she was given cortisone therapy. After three years of this, however, she developed a cataract, whereupon the drug was discontinued. She also received indomethacin (Indocin) and gold therapy, an experimental form of arthritis treatment. Nothing stopped the spread of the disease. By this point, she was so crippled that she had to abandon her career as a musician, since she could no longer play the piano or violin.

Upon admission to the hospital under my care, she fasted and suffered headaches and muscle and joint pains as withdrawal symptoms. These symptoms soon cleared, and her joint movement increased. Miss Engel was then tested with chemically less contaminated health foods. Her reactions, listed in the order of their rapidity of onset, were as follows:

Corn: 30 minutes, sleepiness; 1 hour, restlessness; 3 hours, fatigue and sensitive joints, with generalized myalgia and arthralgia the following morning

Tomato: 30 minutes, knees, hands, and wrists more tight

Peas: 30 minutes, arms, shoulders, and fingers tightened and more sensitive

Beets and beet sugar: 1 hour, restless legs and increasing generalized stiffness

Lamb: 2 hours, hoarseness, followed by chilling and progressive fatigue

and arthritic pains

Rice: 2 hours, tightness and stiffness of knees and wrists

Wheat: 4 hours, restless legs with residual muscle and joint stiffness

Milk: 4 hours, stiffness of joints with residual generalized joint stiffness

and soreness

Beef: 8 hours, aching joints with residual pain in joints

When Miss Engel was fed regular supermarket foods, which had been tolerated in their organic form, after the third such meal she awoke during the night with extreme stiffness and chills, all her joints being so sore that she had to be helped out of bed.

Upon returning home, she avoided all of her incriminated foods, and chlorinated water, and by following the Rotary Diversified Diet (Chap. 18), she remained well. Within a week, however, her arthritis gradually returned. This was tremendously disappointing, especially since she had previously removed her gas stove. She did notice, however, that she felt better when she was outside the house and became increasingly worse the more time she spent inside.

She therefore had her gas-fired heating system removed and replaced it with electric heaters and also had the gas pipes removed from the walls. She made her bedroom into a pollution-free «oasis» (Chap. 20) and then reintroduced questionable items one at a time. She was found to be susceptible to polyester bedsheets, living-room curtains, and several other plastic and synthetic materials. The finish on the doors of her kitchen cabinets was suspected, and there was definite improvement when it was removed.

At the present time, Miss Engel is free of muscle and joint pain, but there remains some impaired motion in the left wrist, due to the destruction of tissue caused when her illness was uncontrolled. She also gets a mild increase in arthritic symptoms before her monthly period, after housekeeping, when the pine trees in her yard are putting out new growth, and when she is working in the yard. However, there is simply no comparison between the minor problems which she has now and the crippled patient whom we admitted to the hospital a few years ago.

Patricia Engel is just the sort of patient whose case could not have been fully understood in the 1940s or early 1950s, because much of her illness was caused by chemical susceptibility. Even such a seemingly innocuous material as the varnish on her kitchen cabinets was contributing to her arthritis and had to be modified or removed before she could get significantly better.

Few diseases are as pathetic as rheumatoid arthritis in children. This problem often starts innocently enough as a swelling in a knuckle or finger, spreads to other parts of the body, and finally leaves the child a cripple for life. It is often accompanied by swollen lymph nodes (glands), enlarged spleen, fever, profuse sweating, and anemia. Conventional medicine recognizes no agreed-upon cause or effective treatment for this ailment.

*74\110\2*

THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF ALLERGIES: SCHOOLS

Вторник, Апрель 28th, 2009

One of the most disturbing aspects of the indoor air pollution problem is the involvement of schools. Here, the use of various chemicals can contribute to the overall chemical and food problem to cause poor performance by both children and teachers.

Poorly designed heating and cooking systems in schools are a major source of trouble. One teacher was always dopey and drowsy when he taught a class located directly above the school cafeteria, from which gas-range odors emanated. His performance improved dramatically when he transferred to a more distant room.

Children suffer all sorts of adverse reactions to chemicals in school, including hyperactivity, inattention, irritability, and the like. This is especially so among children addicted to «junk food,» who live in a polluted home environment.

In 1967, Mrs. Kathleen A. Blume carried out with my help a study of indoor air pollution at a public school in Wauconda, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago.8 Mrs. Blume, a home economics teacher, was aided by local parents who were concerned about the quality of air in their children’s schools.

They literally sniffed out problems in the schools:

We used both eyes and nose searching and sniffing our way through . . . school trying to uncover the elusive as well as glaring causes of air contamination. In spite of advances in instruments for measuring contaminating particulates in the air, the human nose remains the chief detector of offensive odors.

It is remarkable, and depressing, how many sources of air pollution these parents were able to find stored in the school. For example, aerosol sprays are known to cause problems because of their volatile mixtures of chemicals, solvents, and the propellant, Freon (itself a mixture of carbon, chlorine, and flourine). The parents found insecticide sprays; paint, enamel, and lacquer sprays; fixatives; spray snow; spray plastic; solvent cleaner; germicidal cleaners; room deodorants; hair spray; furniture polish; disinfectants; deodorants; and even fungicidal sprays for the locker room.

Francis Silver, the engineer who studied this list and cooperated in the Wauconda study, reported that none of these, with the possible exception of the spray enamel and the fixative, could be justified from an ecological point of view.

In some cases, the children were more aware of the dangers of the sprays than the adults. One child, for instance, complained of a burning sensation in her nose, eyes, and throat after a janitor sprayed a disinfectant in a room full of children. This child’s problem lasted well into the evening. When a teacher cleaned her desk top with a spray cleaner, one of the children disliked the smell so much that he asked permission to leave the room. And when another teacher sprayed fixative on chalk drawings, several children complained of the odor and asked her to open the windows.

It should be noted that such sprays not only pose a danger of provoking allergylike symptoms but can result in «spray keratitis,» or damage to the sensitive cornea of the eye from chemical particles in aerosol spray cans.7

Another source of problems in the Wauconda study was janitorial supplies. Twenty-eight different chemicals were found in the supply closets, including some highly toxic products. Mrs. Blume commented:

Janitorial supplies are probably the saddest part of the story. Janitorial chemicals receive no supervision, anything goes. We are so particular about who is allowed to prescribe drugs for patients but janitors spread their products around which then evaporate into the breathed air and are then ingested.. . . If we were more interested in health and not just in treatment, we would probably be more particular about our janitors than we are about our physicians.

The use of such products in schools often represents an «overkill» of bacteria. Dr. Malcolm Hargraves, a senior consultant at the Mayo Clinic, has said:

The American people, I am afraid, are greatly oversold by any article which makes the claim that it is medicated [i.e., anti-bacterial]. The universal use of such agents with such an idea only leads to the development of more resistant strains of bacteria to plague us in the future.8

Actually, fresh air, sunshine, hot water, and unscented soap are still the best disinfecting agents. The «progress» in inventing disinfectants of the last thirty or forty years has added little to our ability to control infectious diseases, while piling up problems for the chemically susceptible. It is tragic to expose children to these and other agents so early, creating a problem which may remain with them for the rest of their lives.

*44\110\2*

FAINTING IN CHILDREN

Вторник, Апрель 28th, 2009

Fainting is a temporary loss of consciousness caused by the involuntary (autonomic) nervous system. It is usually due to a temporarily insufficient amount of blood in the brain. Fainting can be brought on by pain, physical fatigue, low blood sugar, a disturbing scene, sudden fright, and other strong emotions.

Fainting is common in pre-adolescent and adolescent children. It often occurs after the child has gone without eating for an extended period of time. A partial faint (light-headedness and dizziness) or a complete faint is also common when a teenager abruptly changes position (for example, after jumping up from a reclining or sitting position). It also can occur in a dentist’s chair caused by a combination of pain, anxiety, and turning the head sharply to one side (which places pressure on the carotid artery in the neck).

Just before unconsciousness, the child experiences light-headedness, blurred vision, cold and moist skin (clamminess), and sometimes mild nausea. An observer may notice a paleness or greenish color of the skin and a glazed look in the eyes before the child loses consciousness. Rarely will the child lose control of the urine or stools. Consciousness will be recovered within a few minutes and the child will probably not remember fainting.

The pulse at the wrist may be characteristically feeble and slow or not present at all. The heart beat (place your ear against child’s chest) is slow, usually 50 beats per minute or slower.

Consider the circumstances under which the child fainted. If they were circumstances that typically can cause fainting, and if the child rapidly and completely recovers, this suggests nothing more serious than an isolated spell.

*69/84/5*

GENETIC FACTORS AS THE REASONS OF HIGH CHOLESTEROL LEVEL

Четверг, Апрель 23rd, 2009

Often heart disease runs in the family, and sometimes large numbers of family members die at a relatively young age of this condition. Our genes affect how high our LDL cholesterol is because they determine how fast LDL is made and removed from the blood. You are two to five times more likely to have a heart attack if a first degree relative has died of coronary heart disease before the age of 60.

There is a genetic condition called familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). It is an autosomal dominant disorder that produces severe elevations in total and LDL cholesterol. The DNA in our cells is packed into chromosomes, which occur in pairs. Autosomal comes from the word «autosome» which means all chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes. Dominant means that only one parent needs to contain the defective gene to pass it on to their offspring.

Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia occurs in approximately 1in 500 people worldwide, and it causes an approximate doubling in LDL cholesterol levels.

Heterozygous means that only one defective gene is present for a condition, so it usually produces a less severe case of the disease. In other words only one parent passed the condition on, rather than both parents. FH is especially common in French Canadians, Lebanese, South Africans and Ashkenazi Jews.

In FH the LDL receptors are either missing or deformed. These receptors are required in order for the liver to take up LDL that has been floating in the bloodstream, process it and remove it from the bloodstream. If the liver can’t take up LDL particles, blood levels quickly rise. Also, if LDL is not able to get into liver cells, it can’t suppress the production of more cholesterol, therefore greater amounts of cholesterol are produced, and blood levels rise. In people with heterozygous FH, only half the normal number of LDL receptors is present. Commonly, levels of LDL cholesterol will be between 5.1 and 10.3 mmol/L. In normal healthy people LDL cholesterol should be no higher than 3.5 mmol/L. People with heterozygous FH typically develop premature coronary artery disease; men typically in their forties, and women 10 to 15 years later.

Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia is a much more severe case of the disease, as both genes are defective. It affects approximately one in one million people. In people with this condition sudden death due to a heart attack occurs as early as age 1 to 2 years.

High blood levels of LDL cholesterol in people with FH means that various cells in the body that do not require LDL receptors, take up and absorb cholesterol. This includes monocytes and macrophages, which can turn into foam cells and lead to the production of fatty plaques in the arteries.

People with familial hypercholesterolemia often display telltale signs on their bodies called xanthomas. The word xanthoma is derived from the Greek word xanthos, which means yellow. Most xanthomas have a yellowish appearance, but this isn’t always the case. They are basically deposits of fat, connective tissue and blood vessels in and under the skin which grow on various sites of the body. People with familial hypercholesterolemia typically develop xanthomas on their Achilles tendons and tendons on the hands. Sometimes a xanthoma develops on the inner side of the eyelid; this is called a xanthelasma. An iridologist looking in the iris of a person with FH will usually see an arcus senilis, this is a cloudy ring on the outer border of the iris. There are several other genetic conditions besides FH which produce severely elevated levels of LDL cholesterol.

*12/53/5*

PREMENSTRUAL TENSION (PMT -PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME – PMS)

Четверг, Апрель 23rd, 2009

The premenstrual syndrome is a collection of symptoms and bodily and mental changes that occur, usually regularly, anything from a few days up to two weeks before the onset of a woman’s monthly period. The problems stop with the onset of bleeding.

The syndrome has tended to appear a somewhat woolly collection of symptoms and signs (more than a hundred have been reported) and this has led many, mostly male, doctors to question its existence as a real entity. To the women who suffer from it, though, it is real enough, and although there is undoubtedly a psychological element to many cases it is by no means a problem that is ‘all in the mind’.

The most common complaints are of anxiety, nervous tension, mood swings, irritability, weight gain, breast tenderness and headaches.

Between 30 and 35 per cent of women of childbearing age suffer from it. Almost 5 per cent of women are severe sufferers and become suicidal, accident-prone or very difficult to live with when they have PMT.

Recent research has shown that there are several fairly clear-cut sub-fractions of the condition which respond to different treatments:

ÐÌÒ-Ë women complain mainly of nervous tension, anxiety, irritability and mood swings occurring as much as two weeks before the onset of their period. The symptoms get worse and are sometimes followed by mild to severe depression, improving with the onset of bleeding. These symptoms have been found to be caused by too much oestrogen-research indicates that oestrogens act as stressors to the nervous system. Progesterone, on the other hand, has a calming effect. Research shows that the liver is unable to de-activate these raised levels of oestrogens without adequate supplies of  vitamins.

PMT-C women find their appetite increases two weeks before a period and they crave sweet, sugary things. The craving is especially bad if the woman is under stress. An hour or two after eating the sugar-rich foods the woman feels low, tired and shaky. If you are under stress and eat a lot of refined sugar several things happen. Stress changes the levels of certain brain enzymes, which creates a relative deficiency of a substance called dopamine. The highly refined sugar eaten forces the amino-acid tryptophan into the brain cells where it is converted to serotonin. An excess of serotonin causes palpitation, nervous tension and drowsiness, among other things. The refined sugar triggers the release of too much insulin and this reduces blood-sugar levels. A deficiency of a hormone called prostaglandin E (PGE) may also be involved. PGE suppresses the insulin response to sugar and reduces the nervous system’s responses to a decreased blood sugar. The following nutrients are needed for the formation of PGE from cislinoleic acid, which is its dietary building block: magnesium, zinc, and vitamins B3, B6 and C. Perhaps the craving for chocolate so many PMT-C sufferers have is really for the magnesium and phenyl-ethylamine (related to dopamine) that chocolate contains.

PMT-H women mainly complain of weight gain during the last few premenstrual days. Their body weight goes up, their breasts, hands, feet, faces and ankles swell. Rings become tight, shoes and skirts are tighter than normal, contact lenses feel less comfortable or even cannot be worn, and the breasts and lower abdomen are tender. Most women in this group gain only 3 lb or less in weight but it seems to be all in sensitive places. Some gain as much as a stone.

Such women often have normal oestrogen levels but have elevated levels of hormones produced by the adrenal glands that control salt and water retention by the kidneys. High brain levels of serotonin stimulate the release of ACTH-a brain hormone that makes the kidneys retain salt and water. Excess carbohydrate consumption makes the body produce too much insulin, as we saw above, and insulin is known to make the kidneys retain more salt than they should. Stress also makes the kidneys retain salt and water.

PMT-D women have premenstrual depression, are withdrawn and confused, cry easily, can’t sleep, are forgetful, and may even be suicidal. Many such women, if they have no other signs, are not diagnosed as PMT sufferers and end up with psychiatrists. Some of these women improve with oestrogen supplements.

*7/72/5*

THE AGE EXTENDERS ARSENAL: VITAMINS AND NUTRIENTS YOU NEED

Четверг, Апрель 23rd, 2009

Linus’s Legacy

Though the Daily Value for vitamin Ñ is only 60 milligrams, esteemed researcher Linus

Pauling took thousands of milligrams of this powerful antioxidant every day, convinced it would fend off everything from the common cold to cancer. Though Pauling himself lived to be 93, clinical evidence is still inconclusive about what vitamin Ñ can and can’t do.

«We have found that high levels of vitamin Ñ seem to protect against cataracts as well,» says epidemiologist Paul F. Jacques, D.Sc, associate professor of nutrition at Tufts University. «But we still need more research to understand what levels are beneficial for most people. So far, it looks like more than two times the Daily Value.»

Until we know more, a study at the National Institutes of Health indicates that we need 200 to 500 milligrams of vitamin Ñ a day to keep our systems vitamin C-saturated (we lose vitamin Ñ when we urinate). But since it’s easy to get vitamin Ñ from food, experts recommend looking for a supplement with about 200 milligrams.

Folic Acid Frenzy

A once-overlooked  vitamin, folic acid has been shoving its way into the spotlight during the past several years-first as a protective agent against life-threatening birth defects of the brain and spine, then as a potential defender against heart attack and stroke.

The U.S. Public Health Service recommends getting the Daily Value of 400 micrograms of folic acid every day, which can be tough unless you eat a lot of greens, drink fortified orange juice, or eat fortified foods. «Food manufacturers are soon going to be fortifying flour and flour products with folic acid much in the way they add thiamin, niacin, and riboflavin today, which should lead to improvements in heart disease rates,» Dr. Tucker says. But until you see folic acid appear on food labels, a multivitamin/mineral supplement containing 400 micrograms of folic acid may help keep your heart healthy.

While you’re supplementing folic acid, you may also want to add vitamin B6 and vitamin B12 into the mix, Dr. Tucker says. «There’s a concern that by taking a lot of folic acid, you can mask a vitamin B12 deficiency, a potentially debilitating condition that becomes more common as we age and our bodies stop absorbing vitamin B12 as well as they should,» she says. In addition, people who have diets low in folic acid also tend to run low in vitamin B6, another  vitamin that lowers homocysteine levels. So if you’re going to supplement one, you might as well supplement all three. Dr. Tucker recommends looking for a multi with up to 10 milligrams of vitamin B6 and with 6 to 25 micrograms of vitamin B12.

*77/36/5*

EATING DISORDERS: ANOREXIA INVENTORY. QUIZ

Четверг, Апрель 23rd, 2009

1. Do you feel fat, even though you know (or others have told you) that you are thin?

2. Have you lost a significant amount of weight, especially recently?

3. Have you restricted food intake through dieting or fasting?

4. Do you burn off energy through excessive exercise?

5. Do you have urges to binge?

6. Have you «purged,» either through vomiting or laxative or enema abuse?

7. Do you set dieting «goals,» then reach them, only to set yet another goal?

8. Do you think about food constantly?

9. Do you feel uncomfortable eating in front of others?

10. Do you turn down spontaneous invitations to eat in places other than your home, say, in restaurants or at parties?

11. Do you have set routines you feel you must follow during a meal? If you don’t follow them do you get angry or tense?

12. Do you take very small bites while eating, or do you count your bites?

13. Do you insist others eat while you resist eating?

14. Do you make a point of weighing yourself or looking in the mirror several times a day?

15. Does your mood depend on how much you have eaten? Are you happy if you eat nothing, sad if you eat anything at all?

16. Are you more socially isolated than you were, say, three months ago?

17. Are you a perfectionist? Are you overly critical of yourself?

18. Do you ever feel depressed or sad for a long time for no identifiable reason?

19. Are your menstrual periods irregular-not occurring every 25-30 days, or occurring an average of fewer than ten times a year for the past two years?

20. Do you feel cold all the time, or need extra layers of clothing?

21. Have you experienced low blood pressure, dizziness, or fainting spells recently?

You can use this test to raise your awareness about the possibility of serious problems.

Remember, eating disorders can only be treated successfully if they are detected early, and the earlier the better.

*9/35/5*

END EMOTION-DRIVEN EATING: SHE UNLOADED HER EMOTIONAL BURDEN AND 268 POUNDS

Четверг, Апрель 23rd, 2009

When Sandra Youse was 23, her doctor told her that she would not live to see 50. At the time, she weighed 400 pounds.

«Everyone in my immediate family is overweight,» says the Salisbury, North Carolina, resident. «And in my extended family— among grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins—there are lots of health problems. Heart disease, cancer, and diabetes are pretty common.»

Even with her doctor’s dire warning, Sandra didn’t get serious about slimming down until 10 years later. By then, she had gained almost another 100 pounds, reaching her top weight of 491 pounds.

«In those 10 years, I had made some halfhearted attempts at dieting, but they weren’t successful,» Sandra recalls. «I reached a point where I was tired of being so heavy. And because of an inheritance, I finally had the money to do something about it.»

In February 1997, she entered Structure House, a weight-loss facility in Durham, North Carolina, about 90 minutes from her home. «I went there on the advice of friends who were familiar with the Structure House program,» she says. «They really believed that it could help me.»

Sandra stayed at Structure House for 11 months. While there, she received individual counseling to help her confront and cope with some painful issues from her past. «I learned that many people use food to avoid dealing with their problems and that I was one of those people,» she says. «I had been overeating since I was a child.»

As Sandra began to address her own issues and learn more positive ways of handling them, she was better able to control her eating habits. «Through counseling, I learned that eating couldn’t solve my problems—that I had to find other ways of coping,» she says. «I started talking with friends, telling them what I was thinking and feeling. If a friend wasn’t available, I’d write down my thoughts instead.

«The ultimate goal of counseling is to resolve the underlying problem,» Sandra continues. «That actually makes things harder for a while. There were times when I got so overwhelmed with my issues that I had to step back and take a break. But eventually, I’d move on.»

By the time she left Structure House in January 1998, Sandra had lost 138 pounds. She continued to follow the eating-and-exer-cise guidelines that she had been given, and once a week, she made the 90-minute drive to Durham to meet with a Structure House counselor. «Losing weight was tougher on my own than at Structure House,» she says. «It definitely wasn’t a straight line. I’d make some progress, then take a couple of steps backward.»

But Sandra was determined. In a little more than a year, she took off another 130 pounds, dropping to 223 pounds.

Sandra, now age 36, would like to lose another 70 or so pounds. To that end, she continues to eat healthfully and exercise regularly, and she sees a counselor every week. The therapy is excellent, she says, and it has helped her tremendously in dealing with the issues that contributed to her weight gain in the first place.

«People constantly tell me what an inspiration I am and how I give them hope,» Sandra adds. «But I couldn’t have done what I did if I hadn’t learned to face my problems.»

*63\89\8*

PAIN MANAGEMENT: DIAGNOSTIC

Вторник, Апрель 21st, 2009

CT scanning

Computerised Axial Tomography or CAT scanning, also known as CT scanning, is a highly sophisticated X-ray technique which literally uses computers to take X-ray slices of parts of the body.

This technique is specifically indicated in the assessment of damage to the spinal column. It is particularly useful in assessing damage to the intervertebral discs. It also establishes whether there is pressure on the nerve structures relating to the spinal cord.

The value of such studies is at times questionable because up to one-third of patients without pain have abnormal findings with such tests.

EMG ( electromyographic testing)

Electromyograms are tests of nerve conduction to assess how well the nerve does its job. Together with physical examinations they are sometimes useful to pinpoint organic causes of pain complaints.

Such tests can be useful to find damage to nerves, muscle problems, joint inflammation, and imbalances of fluids in the body.

Many pain syndromes, however, are difficult to define and are not well described in medical textbooks. Some of these problems include the pain associated with inflammation of muscles or myofascial pain syndrome, temporo-mandibular joint or TMJ syndrome, and some of the severe pain syndromes caused by damage to the autonomic nervous system.

*87\37\8*

CHRONIC BACK PAIN TREATMENTS

Вторник, Апрель 21st, 2009

The ultimate treatment may be surgery to clear away obstructing bone — laminectomy, or to remove the discs — discec-tomy, or to join bones to prevent movement between the vertebrae — fusion. However these procedures should only be carried out if there is overwhelming evidence that severe damage or pressure is occurring to the spinal cord or the nerve roots.

Treatments which should certainly be considered prior to surgery, except in emergency cases, include TENS, acupuncture, hydrotherapy, physiotherapy and psychological methods of gaining coping skills.

Medications used in the treatment of back pain include antiinflammatory drugs, antidepressants to modify pain awareness, tranquillisers and other muscle relaxants and some simple pain relieving medications.

*66\37\8*

THE PAIN PATIENT

Вторник, Апрель 21st, 2009

Some people begin to think of themselves as ‘chronic invalids’ punished by occupational disability and a ruined social life. They may become housebound, adopting a sick role and believe their pain is a warning signal and that they have a significant amount of physical illness despite all medical reassurance. The combination of sick role, health anxiety and resistance to reassurance makes these patients difficult to treat and to rehabilitate.

The pain patient typically uses a number of pain-killing drugs simultaneously, and often a bewildering array of other medication. Chemical dependence is frequent — particularly with the use of pain-killers containing narcotic derivatives such as codeine and propoxyphene such as Digesic and Codral Forte. They have had usually more surgical procedures, often without success, and are constantly searching for a physical cure. Because the patient’s income is usually less than he or she would have earned, the standard of living is often reduced, which puts additional strain on the family.

The pain patient often uses their affliction to tyrannise the family, playing the role of a chronic invalid and arousing guilt feelings.

Pain’s toll in terms of human suffering is remarkable. Of course, there’s no way to price misery. But billions of dollars are spent on medical care or on lost productivity. The chronic pain patient has had medical and surgical costs ranging from $50,000 to $100,000.The record perhaps goes to a 40-year-old labourer, ‘Hector B’, who had 40 pain-operations costing $450,000 — all originating from an injured back which eventually led to:

• A cordotomy — a division of pathways in the spinal cord to give relief from intense pain.

• An amputated leg.

• Phantom limb pain.

• Cingulotomy — a brain operation that cuts nerve tracts in an attempt to control pain.

*43\37\8*

THE PUZZLE OF PAIN

Вторник, Апрель 21st, 2009

Despite all this knowledge, we are left with the conclusion of what a great puzzle pain is. Physicians too readily claim that pain is a reaction of defence — a fortunate circumstance which puts us on our guard against the risk of disease. There is a variable link between pain and injury. It is widely believed that pain is always the result of physical damage and that the intensity of the pain is proportional to the severity of the injury.

In general, the relationship between injury and pain holds true — a pinch of a finger produces mild pain while a door slammed on it is excruciating! But there are many instances where the relationship fails to hold up. For example, about 65 per cent of soldiers who are severely wounded in battle and 20 per cent of civilians who undergo major surgery report feeling little or no pain for hours, even days, after the injury.

In contrast, no apparent injury can be detected in about 70 per cent of people who suffer from chronic low back pain. The importance of pain for mankind’s survival becomes clear when we consider what happens to people insensitive to pain. They learn with difficulty to avoid damaging themselves severely. But they survive because they develop a language to communicate a problem. Many of them sustain extensive burns, bruises and lacerations during childhood. These injuries ultimately lead to the loss of limbs or joint function simply because they have no pain defence to injury or accident. It has long been known that if the nerves in a joint are missing, or defective, a condition develops in which the joint surface is damaged and the ligaments and other tissues are stretched. This particularly happens to joints such as ankles, knees, wrists and elbows. But there is still a puzzle. Even with normal people, injuries sometimes occur without pain. How is it that a finger can be chopped off in an accident and no pain is felt? Those who have experienced the passing of a kidney stone describe it as painful beyond any expectation that pain could be so intense. Similarly, there is the pain after the healing of an injury.

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ALLERGIES: WHAT TO DO ABOUT ASTHMA

Понедельник, Апрель 20th, 2009

A balanced approach is advisable in the case of asthma. Firstly, medicinal drugs may be necessary to control the immediate symptoms and make life bearable for the patient. Secondly, an effort should be made to identify airborne allergens. Some careful detective work, may help to pinpoint the culprits. Skin-prick tests can also be useful here, although they are not always accurate. Once airborne antigens have been identified they can be eliminated as far as possible from the home, using the methods described on p66. If something in the workplace is responsible for the asthma, either as an allergen or an irritant, every effort should be made to change to a different working environment. The asthma may get worse as the years go by, and as the bronchi become more sensitive they react to lower and lower levels of irritant – and they may begin to react to other, milder irritants as well.

After 6-8 weeks, the effect of eliminating airborne allergens and irritants can be assessed, and if there are still serious symptoms then it may be worth trying an elimination diet. Continue with the basic measures for avoiding airborne allergens while the diet is in progress. Where foods provoke asthma, it seems that skin-prick tests are not all that useful in identifying the problem food. So a diet – such as that described in Chapter Fourteen – is the only reliable means of diagnosis. In the case of babies and young children. Remember that children should not be put on an elimination diet without medical supervision. This is particularly important for anyone who has ever had a very severe attack of asthma, because there is a risk of death if a serious reaction occurs when a food is reintroduced. If you are testing foods at home, your doctor should be able to give you a supply of suitable medicine for use in a severe asthma attack.

If foods do turn out to be instrumental in the asthmatic attacks, then avoiding those foods entirely is the simplest solution. Where this proves too difficult or dull, then the drug, sodium cromoglycate, taken by mouth, may be of benefit.

Asthma is a complex disease which may not be entirely due to allergy. For this reason, not all asthmatics will be able to track down the source of their problems using the methods described, and some will have to rely mainly on drugs to control their symptoms. For this group, and indeed for all asthmatics, avoiding exposure to irritants such as smoke and fumes will help greatly. Certain jobs carry a very high risk of asthma because they involve exposure to particular chemicals – these are described on p63- Anyone with a history of asthma, even if they have been free of symptoms for many years, should try to avoid such occupations, because of the likelihood of precipitating asthmatic attacks once more.

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MUGWORT (ARTEMISIA VULGARIS) – INTRODUCTION

Четверг, Апрель 9th, 2009

Pliny, writing in ancient Rome, as well as Gmelin in modern times, noted that Artemisia derived its name from the ancient practice of lining the shoes with the leaves to prevent tiredness. It is also said that Roman soldiers put mugwort in their sandals in order to ease their march into Helvetia.

People who have spent their holidays in the canton of Tessin, Switzerland, must be familiar with mugwort, for it is one of the toughest and most widespread weeds in that district. It is easily recognised because it reaches a height of almost 2 m (5-6 feet). Anyone not well acquainted with the various members of the Artemisia family might mistake mugwort for wormwood, as it resembles the latter in taste and smell.

The claim that mugwort relieves tired legs can be proved quite simply. After a long walk, bathe your feet in an infusion of mugwort and discover for yourself its soothing effect.

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ALPINE PLANTS AND LOWLAND PLANTS – WHICH ARE OF GREATER VALUE? (OBSERVATIONS AND PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE) 2

Четверг, Апрель 9th, 2009

Not every high elevation has the same merits. The southern Alps enjoy many more hours of sunshine than the northern range. For this reason plants do much better in the more southern areas than in the northern regions. In some of the latter areas they have only stunted growth before dying. Naturally, medicinal plants are also affected by these regional and climatic differences. For example, Solidago that has been grown in the higher Engadine has a better and stronger effect on the kidneys than that grown in the lower region of Teufen and, interestingly, that grown in Teufen is still better than any grown in the districts below an altitude of 500 m (1,500 feet).

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THE SKIN – WRINKLES AND SKIN WITH LARGE PORES (INTRODUCTION)

Четверг, Апрель 9th, 2009

As a rule, smooth skin is a sign of youthfulness and good health and it is not surprising that women in particular make a great effort to maintain this desirable condition for as long as they possibly can. But it is not simply a matter of giving nature a helping hand by applying plenty of powder, make-up and creams. In fact, the liberal use of such products may achieve just the opposite of what is desired. The real answer lies in taking care in one’s youth, living in a natural way and not worrying too much or constantly giving in to anxieties, for we know that stressful problems are wearisome and undermine the body’s reserves and well-being. They do indeed age us prematurely and foster the formation of wrinkles. Of course, constant tiredness on account of overwork or pursuing pleasures night after night can also harm one’s health and impair one’s youthful looks. It is understandable why so many people want to cover up these flaws in their faces by using all kinds of cosmetics.

What is less understandable is why some girls plaster their young and radiant faces with make-up. Make-up is supposed to hide what is ugly, but what could be more beautiful than glowing health, smooth and youthful skin, red cheeks and lips as nature coloured them.

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NATURE DOCTOR – OUR TEETH – DEAD TEETH

Четверг, Апрель 9th, 2009

Unfortunately, it is possible to have dead teeth, and these could be likened to turrets without a crew. Their defences are gone and the enemies from outside are able to invade. No one is left to carry out repairs; no one is there to replace the damaged calcified tissue of the dentine or to take care of regenerating what becomes defective. Such a tooth may be repaired and closed up from outside, but if the dentist does not sterilise everything properly, bacteria may spread again inside the tooth and sooner or later cause its destruction. The only protection still left is the cementum around the root. Also surrounding the root is a network of nerves and blood vessels.

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THE COMPLEX NATURE OF THE CAUSES

Четверг, Апрель 9th, 2009

In spite of all the new views about cancer, I am sure we are not mistaken in taking the cause to be a combination of factors, including nutrition, housing conditions, occupation, lack of oxygen and necessary exercise, as well as the mental state and attitude of the person. What is more, it can no longer be denied that an inherited predisposition contributes to cancer. The empirical fact that it is possible for therapies to be useless even if employed in the early stages of the disease, according to personal disposition and the reaction of the body, is a reason for sadness on the part of all therapists. No other illness presents more surprises to the doctor, even the specialist, than cancer. He may be successful in treating a severe case, but a seemingly mild one can suddenly take a turn for the worse against all expectations.

There is a practical lesson to be learned from this. It is absolutely necessary to take certain precautionary measures, particularly once you have reached the age of forty. You should be sure to avoid all carcinogenic influences. This means primarily tobacco, most chemical medicines, also colourings and flavourings in food and drinks. Another thing to avoid is constant or prolonged overtired-ness. Mental and emotional stress and strain, worries and constant feelings of depression are equally dangerous. They should be com-batted right away and every endeavour made to overcome them.

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SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATIONS: HUMAN AND WATER

Вторник, Апрель 7th, 2009

The human body is 65 per cent water in males and 55 per cent in females (females carry more fat than males and fat is a waterless tissue). All the chemical reactions that give rise to all life on this planet take place in water. Water is the universal trigger substance of life.

Any high school student will tell you that water is a chemical compound (H20) made up of two simple elements, both of which are gases: hydrogen and oxygen. And yet there’s still so much the scientists don’t understand about water and how it works. There are so many anomalies. Water is one of the few substances that is more dense as a liquid than a solid. This is why ice floats. Water is unique in that heating it from its melting point of 0°C to 4°C makes it contract even further. Water can act as both an acid and an alkali, causing it to actually react chemically with itself under certain conditions.

The clue to some of water’s strange behavior lies in the tenuous link the ‘hydrogen bond’ forms between the atoms of oxygen and hydrogen. This bond makes water tremendously flexible yet very fragile. Very little external pressure is necessary to break the bonds and destroy or rearrange its pattern. Because all the chemical reactions of life must occur quickly and with little expenditure of energy, flexible water is the ideal go-between. Its fragility however can cause these normal biological reactions to go awry at times. Significant for us is the fact that wafer is most unstable between the temperatures of 35°C and 40°C. The daytime temperature of an active healthy body is 37°C.

Water’s instability means that different people will react slightly differently under similar circumstances to a given program. For this reason some people get well sooner than others on a given program and some people will experience a steady improvement over a given period while others will experience a waxing and waning of symptoms during their progression towards improvement—the classic two steps forward, one step back pattern. Some people experience a significant improvement suddenly with a tapering off of the rate of improvement as time goes by, while others can be on the program for weeks with no improvement only to find it comes suddenly, all at once, towards the end.

There is significant scientific data to indicate that electro magnetic fields can destabilise water. The two Italian chemists S. Bordi and F. Vannel demonstrated that the electrical conductivity of water could be altered by exposing it to a very small magnet. Scientists of the Atmosphere Research Center in Colorado have demonstrated that water is very sensitive to electromagnetic fields. I have certainly seen evidence of this in my own practice. Sleeping on magnet-containing pillows has helped some of my patients overcome intolerable headaches and sinus problems that the anti-candida/anti-allergy and chiropractor/osteopath treatment regime was only partly able to cure. Magnet-containing knee, ankle, elbow and hand pads have helped arthritic patients while magnet-containing necklaces have helped those with asthma as have magnet-containing inner soles. I’ve witnessed improved responses to dietary treatment when patients have stopped wearing battery-operated and luminous wrist watches, have stopped sleeping on water beds and have moved away from high-tension electricity transmission wires.

There are other easily recognised effects the sun can have on chemical reactions and in particular those that take place in humans. Sunstroke results from a massive loss of water and salts from the body by dehydration through the skin and sometimes sunburn as well. The old Australian bush remedy of taking a large glass of water with a teaspoon of salt for a headache gains credence in the light of this. But what of the more subtle influences? Russian scientists have shown that our blood is directly affected by the sun. Over 120 000 people in a Black Sea resort had the number of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) in their blood measured. All showed a significant drop in the number of these protector cells during times of great solar activity. The number of people suffering from lymphocyte deficiency diseases doubled during the tremendous solar explosion of February 1956.

That many of the body’s functions seem to be influenced by sun-induced changes in the earth’s magnetic field is given further credence by a study case of 5580 coal-mine accidents in the Ruhr that showed most occurred on the day following solar activity. Traffic accident studies conducted in Russia and Germany show an increase, by as much as four times the day after a solar flare. Further evidence that humans’ nervous systems are sensitive to cosmic influences can be found in a survey of 28 642 admissions to psychiatric hospitals in New York. There was a marked increase in admissions on the days when the magnetic observatory reported strong activity.

John Newlson demonstrated that the positions of the other planets (Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Venus and so on) in our solar system either influence, or are at least an indication of, the sun’s magnetic field. Certain planetary configurations coincide with stronger and lesser sunspot activities. Does this mean that astrological equations touch life here? I have often wondered why a Virgo mother (for example) can react slightly differently to the same diet as, say, a Leo daughter, given that their body chemistries would be so similar after many years of living together and eating the same meals. I’m always explaining to family members that the nuances of difference in their reaction patterns are the result of their biochemical individuality. Could their individual horoscope (planetary alignment chart) be contributing to their chemical uniqueness? I’ve often wondered.

Chemical reactions within the body are certainly affected by the concentration of chemicals in the cells. Chemical concentrations increase when wafer levels drop, which underscores the importance of keeping (he body properly hydrated at all times. Interfere with the trigger substance and you interfere with life.

Given the enormous influence the moon exerts on the contraction and expansion of the earth’s oceans (that is, the ebb and flow of the tides) and given that the human brain is 80 per cent water, it’s reasonable to assume that the moon has an influence on the way we respond to diets and indeed express ourselves mentally and emotionally.

From my own observation I’ve noticed that a patient is more likely to break a program at or about the full moon. It’s interesting to note that in its report on the effect of the full moon on human behavior the American Institute of Medical Climatology noted that crimes with a strong psychotic motivation, such as kleptomania, arson, alcoholic homicide and destructive driving, show marked increases at the time of a full moon. This of course doesn’t happen to everybody and not everybody breaks his or her program at the full moon. From my observations it’s those who have significantly distorted metabolisms from a lifetime of wrong dietary and living habits that are prone to doing so.

Such metabolic distortions can make their mental balance precarious to start with and changes in the earth’s magnetic field wrought by the forces behind the moon and sun can precipitate varying degrees of crises in these people. Happily though, as the programs are adhered to and the metabolism of the body balances, extraneous forces have less effect. A metabolically balanced person has greater control over his/her life and bodily functions.

Whatever else we, as individuals, may claim to be, we are electric machines whose vulnerable energy reserves may be mobilised and destabilised readily and by many different factors. The vulnerability of our energy reserves is inextricably bound up with the fragility and variability of our medium of electrical conduction—water.

For this reason you should not expect to react to a given program in exactly the same way twice, or as a friend or another member of your family. Don’t be disappointed if they seem to be making better progress than you or you’re not responding as well to a program the second time around. By accepting the uniqueness of your body chemistry and metabolism and by persisting with the program you will ultimately achieve good results. The journey might be different, the arrival will be the same.

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SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATIONS: CARBON DIOXIDE

Вторник, Апрель 7th, 2009

This gas is one of the major waste products of cellular respiration. The burning of carbohydrate foods (bread, potato, pasta, rice, muesli, porridge, breakfast cereal, beer, Scotch) for energy, produces carbon dioxide (C02). Because cellular respiration never stops, carbon dioxide is continually building up and can make blood dangerously acid if not removed.

Breathing out is the major vehicle for carbon dioxide removal. Like oxygen, this gas also diffuses down a pressure gradient. The same blood that picks up oxygen from the lungs brings carbon dioxide back to the lungs. Because the concentration (pressure) of carbon dioxide in the blood is so high it readily diffuses into the lung to be blown off in the next ‘out’ breath. Because most of the blood vessels that serve the lung are found around its lower lobes, carbon dioxide tends to build up and sit there for extended periods when shallow (upper lobe) breathing is habitual.

Deep breathing reaches down to the lower lobes and draws the stale carbon dioxide out, leaving us feeling fresh and bright. At the end of each exhalation a holding period of three seconds is observed before inhaling again. The three second negative pressure of the empty lungs allows for maximum diffusion, or drawing off, of carbon dioxide from the blood. The lower lobes begin to fill once more. The positive pressure created by the next deep inhalation of air does not force the carbon dioxide back into the blood as so much of it is produced by cellular respiration that the blood concentrations of it are always higher than the lung concentrations.

One interesting side effect of excessive carbon dioxide build-up in the blood is its effect on thyroid gland function. The thyroid hormone, thyroxine, is responsible for the rate at which the cells burn carbohydrate food (which has now been digested down to glucose) for energy. The more thyroxine, the faster they burn carbohydrate and the more heat and energy they produce.

One of the body’s compensatory mechanisms for normalising carbon dioxide levels in the presence of shallow breathing is to slow down its production. By reducing the production of thyroxine it slows the rate at which carbohydrate is burned to produce energy and although less carbon dioxide is produced, body weight tends to increase if food intake (particularly carbohydrate) is not decreased. Food that is not burned for energy is stored as energy reserve in the form of fat.

Just as carbon dioxide slows the metabolic rate, oxygen increases it and it’s not uncommon to raise a sweat while doing the deep breathing exercises described in the chapter on stress.

The advantage of the deep breathing exercises over vigorous physical exercise is that vigorous exercise stimulates the burning of carbohydrate for energy with the attendant build-up of carbon dioxide in the tissues. The deep breathing associated with vigorous exercises manages only to contain carbon dioxide build-up.

Carbohydrate metabolism is not as vigorously stimulated by deep breathing. This enables these exercises to draw out excess carbon dioxide from the blood. The slow rythmic movements of yoga and Tai Chi don’t stimulate carbohydrate metabolism to the degree that football, tennis, jogging, aerobics, weight training and swimming do. As a result, they too have the net effect of normalising blood carbon dioxide levels when combined with their appropriate deep breathing exercises.

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